10^th International Conference on Geriatric Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases and Palliative Care November 23-24, 2023 Paris, France

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) refers to a group of clinical syndromes characterised by myocardial ischemia, or an imbalance in the supply and demand for myocardial blood. Because the fundamental pathophysiologic defect in the ischemic myocardium is insufficient perfusion, ischemia is associated not only with insufficient oxygen supply, but also with decreased nutrient availability and insufficient removal of metabolic endproducts. The effects of oxygen deprivation cannot be separated from the effects of impaired metabolite washout in myocardial ischemia. The deleterious consequences to the myocardium are generally less prominent in conditions associated with isolated hypoxemia and preserved perfusion (such as cyanotic congenital heart disease, severe anaemia, or advanced lung disease), emphasising the importance of metabolite removal and supply with metabolic substrates in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect, accounting for a disproportionate share of neonatal mortality caused by congenital abnormalities. Delays in detection, diagnosis, and treatment account for a large portion of the (significant) childhood morbidity and mortality associated with CHD. Prenatal diagnosis and management by a collaborative, multidisciplinary team of foetal and neonatal subspecialists can result in optimal outcomes for children with major forms of CHD.

Dyslipidemia has long been recognised as a risk factor for atherosclerosis in T2DM patients. Diabetes is frequently associated with various patterns of dyslipidemia, which may increase atherogenic risk. Although patients with diabetes do not have significant increases in plasma LDL cholesterol levels, these levels are still predictive of cardiovascular risk. Diabetes causes LDL particles to be smaller and denser than normal LDL. These small, dense triglyceride-rich LDL particles are particularly dangerous. Small dense LDL particles are more prone to oxidation, especially in the presence of poor glucose control.

Geriatric oncology encompasses changes in tumour and patient biology as well as a comprehensive evaluation of the elderly person with the goal of determining life expectancy, treatment tolerance, the risk of cancer-related complications, and the need for rehabilitative intervention. The two poles of preventative and therapeutic interventions are biological changes and CGA. Treatment-related guidelines may aid in the establishment of a consistent approach to older cancer patients, easing the interpretation of clinical data. A number of initiatives launched in the last five years promote clinical research in older cancer patients and promise to close gaps in clinical evidence. In any case, age alone should never be considered a barrier to effective cancer treatment.

The GI tract presents unique challenges to both the ageing patient and the clinician. The GI tract, which is approximately 30 feet long, is the largest immune organ as well as the largest endocrine organ in the body, contains more bacterial cells than human cells, has a dedicated nervous system that functions independently of the central nervous system, and has a complex muscular structure. The GI organs are in charge of food intake, the secretion of numerous enzymes and fluids, digestion, nutrient extraction and absorption, immune protection against infectious agents, immune tolerance of beneficial bacteria, and, finally, waste product excretion.

Elderly patients have a higher incidence of esophageal and gastric disorders, including motility abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux, reflux complications (including Barrett's, dysplasia, and esophageal cancer), gastric ulcers, and GI bleeding. Lower GI diseases, such as pelvic floor disorders (and faecal incontinence), constipation, diarrheal illness, diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer, also present more frequently and often atypically in the geriatric patient. Malnutrition and obesity are common problems in elderly patients.

Osteoporosis develops when there is an imbalance between new bone formation and old bone resorption. The body may fail to form enough new bone, or it may resorb too much old bone, or both. Calcium and phosphate are two minerals that are required for normal bone formation. The body uses these minerals to make bones throughout childhood. Bone production and bone tissue may suffer if calcium intake is insufficient or the body does not absorb enough calcium from the diet.

The most commonly reported symptoms of six cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are detailed in a "state of the science" review: heart attack, heart failure, valve disease, stroke, heart rhythm disorders, and peripheral artery and vein disease (PAD and PVD).

Women and men experience symptoms that differ significantly.

Depression, which is common in many CVDs, may impair a person's ability to detect changes in symptoms.

Effective methods of tracking and measuring symptoms over time are critical for effectively managing cardiovascular disease and preventing or delaying its progression.

A heart attack is one of several conditions that fall under the umbrella term of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which refers to any heart condition caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to the heart. The most commonly reported symptom of ACS, particularly heart attack, is chest pain, which may radiate to the jaw, shoulder, arm, or upper back and be described as pressure or discomfort. Shortness of breath, sweating or a cold sweat, unusual fatigue, nausea, and lightheadedness are the most common co-occurring symptoms

Shortness of breath is a classic heart failure symptom and the most common reason adults with heart failure seek medical attention. Early, more subtle symptoms, on the other hand, should be recognised as a signal to seek medical attention. These symptoms include gastrointestinal symptoms such as upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite; fatigue; exercise intolerance (associated with fatigue and shortness of breath); insomnia; pain (chest and otherwise); mood disturbances (primarily depression and anxiety); and cognitive dysfunction (brain fog, memory problems).

Women with heart failure experience more symptoms, are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety, and have a lower quality of life than men with heart failure.

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, includes the heart and blood vessels, as well as the body's "plumbing system".The heart is the pumping organ responsible for ejecting blood into the arterial network. The venous system then returns the blood to the heart. Capillaries are microscopic vesicles that connect the small arteries (arterioles) and veins (venules). The capillaries' walls are only one endothelial cell thick. Fenestrations (small windows) allow for the delivery and exchange of circulating blood in the capillary and the interstitial fluid that surrounds and bathes neighbouring cells.

A stroke occurs when a blood vessel to the brain is blocked or bursts and typically causes recognizable symptoms that prompt emergency help. To recognize stroke symptoms requiring immediate medical attention, the American Stroke Association recommends everyone remember the acronym F.A.S.T. for Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 9-1-1. Other symptoms of stroke are confusion, dizziness, loss of coordination or balance and visual changes. Recognizing stroke symptoms is critical since immediate treatment may help prevent or reduce the chance of long-term disability or death.

Women experiencing a stroke are more likely than men to have other, less familiar symptoms in addition to the common ones. These symptoms include headache, altered mental state, coma or stupor. A stroke may also impair thinking, which may, in turn, impact the individual’s ability to recognize new or worsening symptoms.

Rhythm disorders, called arrhythmias, are often described as the feeling of an abnormal heartbeat or palpitations that may be irregular, fast, fluttering or halting. Other symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath and dizziness, all of which are shared with other cardiovascular diseases. Less commonly, chest pain, dizziness, fainting or nearly fainting, and anxiety may occur in some people with heart rhythm disorders.

Women and younger adults with rhythm disorders are more likely to experience palpitations, while men are more likely to experience no symptoms. Older adults are more likely to experience either uncommon symptoms or no symptoms. Differences in symptoms have also been found among people from diverse racial and ethnic group. Data indicate Black adults report experiencing more palpitations, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, dizziness and chest discomfort in comparison to people who are Hispanic or white.

Peripheral artery disease, or PAD, affects the arteries in the lower extremities leading to  reduced blood supply to the legs. People with PAD may have no symptoms or may develop the classic symptom of claudication, which is pain in one or both calf muscles that occurs while walking and subsides with rest. However, pain in other parts of the legs and in the feet and toes are the most common symptoms of PAD rather than calf pain. PAD with symptoms is associated with an increased risk for heart attack and stroke, with men at higher risk than women.

The current statement highlights that people with persistent chest pain, people with heart failure, as well as stroke survivors and people with peripheral artery disease commonly have depression and/or anxiety. In addition, cognitive changes after a stroke may affect how and whether symptoms are experienced or noticed. The writing group advises regular  assessments of cognitive function and depression levels throughout the course of any cardiovascular disease because they have a strong influence on a person’s ability to detect symptoms and any changes in their condition.

Dementia is a term used to describe a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with your daily life. It isn't a specific disease, but several diseases can cause dementia.

Though dementia generally involves memory loss, memory loss has different causes. Having memory loss alone doesn't mean you have dementia, although it's often one of the early signs of the condition.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of a progressive dementia in older adults, but there are a number of other causes of dementia. Depending on the cause, some dementia symptoms might be reversible

Palliative care can be an option for many conditions. Some of the most common conditions where palliative care can be especially helpful are

• cancer
• cardiovascular diseases
• dementia
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Cardiovascular diseases can affect a person’s quality of life and their ability to care for themselves. Cardiovascular diseases include:

• heart failure
• coronary artery disease
• stroke
• aortic stenosis

Dementia is associated with deteriorating brain function. It greatly impacts a person’s

• cognition
• memory
• language
• judgment
• behavior

Palliative care might include treatment for anxiety caused by dementia. As the illness progresses, it might involve helping family members make difficult decisions about feeding or caring for their loved one. It can also involve support for family caregivers.

Palliative care can help people manage COPD, a respiratory illness that causes coughing and shortness of breath.For this condition, palliative care might include treatments for discomfort, anxiety, or insomnia associated with difficulty breathing. You might receive education on lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, that can improve your activity level and slow the progress of your illness.

Palliative and hospice care are medical specialties aimed at supporting people of all ages with serious, long-term illnesses, including, but not limited to, those listed belowcancer

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• dementia
•  heart failure
•  Huntingdon’s disease
• kidney disease
• liver disease
• organ failure
• Parkinson’s disease
• stroke

Regardless of the illness, the ultimate goal of both palliative and hospice care is to

• improve quality of life
• increase overall comfort
• provide emotional support for you and your family
• help you make important decisions about your medical treatment ,Neither types of care require you to give up your primary doctor. Both palliative and hospice care will work with your primary doctor to coordinate and manage your care

Palliative care is specialized medical care for people facing a serious illness like CHF. The goal is to improve quality of life for both you and your family. You can have palliative care at any age and at any stage of your illness. You can also have it together with curative treatment.

Palliative care is also there to guide you and your loved ones through all the distress caused by CHF. The team will help you navigate the complex health care system.

A cardiologist and a clinical cardiologist are really exactly the same thing, specialists who work in the investigation of coronary illness. Indeed, even inside cardiology, there are many sorts of experts who approach the heart in an unexpected way. Like different specialists, cardiologists need to graduate clinical school and finish a permitting test. They additionally need quite a long while of work experience zeroed in on the human heart.

Clinical cardiologists don't see patients off the road. An individual commonly make cardiology arrangements after their essential consideration specialist decides there’s an issue - unsteadiness or windedness, say - and gives the patient a reference. In case it's a respiratory failure, the cardiologist might see the patient in the E/R or a medical clinic bed.

The Society of Geriatric Cardiology was set up in 1986 by broadly acclaimed research and clinical cardiologists, and intertwined as a not-income driven relationship to meet the issues coming about in view of cardiovascular ailments in the growing amounts of developing men and women in this country and all through the world. It is normal that, constantly 2030, there will be 51.4 million people in the United States more than 65, including 7.1 million over age 85. The extension radiates an impression of being relied upon somewhat to the generous number of individuals of all ages who are successfully changing hostile lifestyles and thusly deferring surprising passing from degenerative sicknesses.

In the previous decade, there has been a sensational expansion in persistent illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, and heftiness in industrialized countries as well as in non-industrial countries with arising economies .With the acceleration of weight, diabetes and hypertension, there has been an equal expansion in the rate and pervasiveness of cardio metabolic difficulties . Cardio metabolic difficulties are multifactorial sicknesses, and a wide range of various variables remembering changes for living conditions, eats less carbs, ways of life, hereditary, and epigenetic components might be included.

Diabetology:

Diabetes is characterized as having a lot of glucose (or glucose) in the blood. At the point when your body has more glucose in its framework than it can deal with, there are various adverse consequences.There are three sorts of diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes - Most individuals with type 1 diabetes were brought into the world with it. Their bodies can't create insulin or have a protection from it. Insulin is the thing that transports glucose all through the body. These individuals make up generally 5% of all diabetes cases.

Prediabetes - An individual is said to have prediabetes when their glucose level is raised, yet not sufficiently high to meet all requirements for a full diabetes conclusion. Prediabetes is preventable and reversible with the right eating routine and way of life changes.

Type 2 Diabetes - This is diabetes that is grown further down the road and is ordinarily because of a mix of horrible eating routine, absence of activity and heftiness, however there are different factors too.

At the point when you have an excess of glucose in your blood, it harms veins. The main veins in the body are the ones that make up the heart and significant corridors. At the point when the veins get harmed enough, it represses the heart's capacity to get blood all through the body, bringing about Cardiovascular sickness.

Insulin opposition has additionally been attached to stoutness. At the point when the body can't as expected vehicle glucose, you feel hungry regardless of whether you are full. This can make individuals indulge. Additionally, consumes less calories that are high in sugar lift glucose levels further while offering minimal healthy benefit. This prompts an improved probability of weight acquire and, in the end, corpulence.

Heftiness builds an individual's danger for cardiovascular illness since it squeezes the veins, tightening blood stream. This makes pulse go up and puts extra strain on the heart.

Diabetes likewise influences the normal equilibrium of cholesterol in the body. Those with diabetes have been displayed to have a strangely high number of low-thickness lipoproteins (LDLs), or "awful" cholesterol, which store plaque into course dividers. They likewise have an unusually low number of high-thickness lipoproteins. These are frequently called "acceptable cholesterol" since they eliminate cholesterol development from corridor dividers and permit blood to stream all the more openly.

A stroke happens when ablood coagulation gets held up in a vein conveying blood to the mind. At the point when the blood is denied of oxygen, the impacts can be seen very quickly. A few indications of a stroke can rely upon whether it happens on the left or right half of the cerebrum, however there are widespread notices signs also include:

• Face hanging on one side
• Weakness in the arms
• Difficulty talking
• Confusion

Cardiovascular medical procedure, additionally alluded to as cardiovascular medical procedure or heart medical procedure, portrays any surgery that includes the heart, or the veins that convey blood to and from the heart. These techniques are normal with patients who have coronary illness or have had a cardiovascular failure, stroke or blood clump-just as people who are at high danger for fostering these issues.

While cardiovascular medical procedure isn't generally important to treat heart issues, specialists might suggest it for an assortment of reasons, including treating or forestalling coronary failures and blood clusters, tending to unpredictable pulses, opening obstructed or limited veins, fixing intrinsic heart issues, and fixing harmed or sick heart valves. Some cardiovascular conditions require open a medical procedure, yet many are treated with less intrusive strategies that utilization catheters and mechanical technology.

Aggravation is your body's reaction to disease or injury. It can influence numerous spaces of the body and is a reason for some significant illnesses, including malignancy, ischemic coronary illness, and immune system sicknesses. Aggravation in the heart causes harm and can prompt genuine medical conditions. There are three fundamental kinds of heart aggravation: endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis.

Endocarditis is irritation of the inward coating of the heart's chambers and valves.

Myocarditis is irritation of the heart muscle.

Pericarditis is irritation of the tissue that shapes a sac around the heart. Numerous things cause heart irritation. Normal causes incorporate viral or bacterial diseases and ailments that harm the heart and cause irritation.

Heart Inflammation Also known as Endocarditis, Myocarditis, Pericarditis.

Inside years and years, clinical cardiovascular electrophysiology has developed from an elusive off-shoot, generally of hypothetical interest to a couple of scholastic cardiologists, into one of the significant sub-fortes of present day cardiology, taking steps to overshadow coronary mediation in numerous tertiary habitats as far as responsibility and budgetary/asset portion.

The intricacy, degree and innovation of cardiovascular electrophysiology keep on changing at an amazing speed and new students might profit from a short verifiable view point on how the discipline has arrived at the present status 'of the workmanship' and might evolve.

An inborn heart deformity (CHD), otherwise called an inherent heart abnormality or innate coronary illness, is an issue in the construction of the heart that is available upon entering the world. Signs and indications rely upon the particular sort of issue. Indications can fluctuate from none to hazardous.

Innate coronary illness (CHD) is an imperfection in the construction of the heart and extraordinary vessels which is available upon entering the world. Heart surrenders are among the most well-known birth deserts and are the main source of birth imperfection related passings. Around 9 youngsters in 1000 are brought into the world with an inborn heart deformity. The expense of treatment is extremely high.

Adults 65 and older have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease than younger individuals do, which is characterised by issues with the heart, blood arteries, or both. A person's risk of having cardiovascular disease may grow as they age because of changes to their heart and blood vessels.

We must first comprehend what transpires in the healthy but ageing heart and blood vessels in order to comprehend how ageing is related to cardiovascular disease and ultimately develop treatments for this group of illnesses. In the last 30 years, this understanding has evolved significantly.

Atomic Cardiology has assumed a crucial part in building up the analysis of coronary illness and in the evaluation of sickness degree and the forecast of results in the setting of coronary conduit infection. Atomic cardiology studies utilize non-intrusive strategies to survey myocardial blood stream, assess the siphoning capacity of the heart just as imagine the size and area of a coronary episode. Among the methods of atomic cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is that the most generally utilized.

A cardiovascular CT filter is an effortless imaging test that utilizes x beams to take many definite photos of your heart and its veins. Distinctive CT scanners are utilized for various purposes. A multi finder CT is an extremely quick sort of CT scanner that can deliver great photos of the thumping heart and can distinguish calcium or blockages in the coronary conduits. An electron pillar CT scanner additionally can show calcium in coronary courses. The data acquired can assist with assessing whether you are at expanded danger for respiratory failure.

• Cardiac imaging
• Evaluation of heart work with radionuclide ventriculography
• Myocardial perfusion imaging
• Myocardial perfusion imaging
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Medical imaging
• Multi-gated procurement (MUGA)
• Positron discharge tomography (PET)
• Single photon discharge figured tomography (SPECT)
• Cardiac CT

Cardio-oncology centers around the discovery, checking, and therapy of cardiovascular illness happening auxiliary to malignant growth therapy, and the unthinking and epidemiologic crossing point between cardiovascular sickness and disease. With the coming of designated specialists and immunotherapies, cardio-oncologic intercessions have turned into a crucial piece of the disease care continum.

Interventional cardiologists can analyze and treat cardiovascular patients who might require catheter-based intercessions for coronary illness and heart-related diseases.

Computerized wellbeing arrangements in cardiology should be created zeroing in on the end clients (i.e., patients and medical care suppliers). While various computerized wellbeing intercessions and arrangements meaning to help patients with different sorts of wellbeing challenges exist, the contribution of potential end clients in the plan and improvement stages is as yet uncommon. This implies that designers can't make certain to address the issues of real end clients.

Computerized wellbeing conveyance additionally gives difficulties in regards to wellbeing proficiency or        potentially advanced education

Cardiovascular pharmacology centers around the principal components of cardiovascular cells and how medications impact the heart and vascular framework and those pieces of the apprehensive and endocrine frameworks that partake in directing cardiovascular capacity. Specialists notice the impacts of medications on blood vessel pressure, blood stream in explicit vascular beds, arrival of physiological arbiters, and neural movement emerging from focal sensory system structures.

Cardiovascular Toxicology is worried about the unfavorable impacts of extraneous and natural weights on the heart and vascular framework. Extraneous pressure includes openness to remedial medications, normal items, and ecological poisons. Characteristic pressure alludes to openness to poisonous metabolites got from nontoxic mixtures like those found in food added substances and enhancements. The inborn openings likewise incorporate auxiliary neurohormonal aggravation, for example, overproduction of incendiary cytokines got from pressure over-burden of the heart and counter-administrative reactions to hypertension. These harmful openings bring about changes in biochemical pathways, absconds in cell construction and capacity, and pathogenesis of the influenced cardiovascular framework.

The heart, which had been considered as a terminally evolved organ with no potential for recovery in post-natal life, has as of late been perceived to have some inborn reparability. Right now, there are two reciprocal speculations about the course of natural fix in the heart after an ischaemic physical issue.Cardiomyocytes return the cell cycle and start the course of multiplication, recovery and fix of the necrotic tissue and certain endogenous cardiovascular foundational micro organisms go through development and separation, managed either by discharged incendiary elements or autocrine guideline. The two components might be engaged with the course of heart recovery.

Thoracic medical procedure centres around the chest organs, including the heart, lungs, throat, and windpipe. Mechanical advances have expanded the wellbeing and accessibility of these complex surgeries. Cellular breakdown in the lungs medical procedures, heart transfers, and hostile to reflux medical procedures save and further develop lives all throughout the planet.

Brimming with freedoms to save lives and take on new and trend setting innovations, a vocation in thoracic surgery shows up with extreme requests.

Ladies in their 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s ought to regularly screen their pulse, regardless of whether their levels are normally low, wellbeing specialists say the pulse in ladies starts to move at a more youthful age and at a quicker rate than in men. Hypertension is a main danger factor for cardiovascular infections, including stroke and cardiovascular breakdown.

Cardiovascular issues might begin during pregnancy in ladies without a background marked by heart issues. Certain heart analyse convey an extremely generally safe to the mother and the embryo.

These include:

• Mitral valve disgorging and additionally prolapse
• Aortic valve disgorging
• Atrial septal deformities and ventricular septal imperfections